Table Three - Jungian Assumptions 2 & 3
Jungian vs. Lumina Spark Assumptions
The left hand column shows the Jungian assumptions that have been used for several decades. The contrasting Big5 and Lumina Spark assertions are outlined in the right hand columns.
Jungian Assumption Number Two |
Lumina Spark / Big5 Latest empirical research |
| These four factors are 'bimodal', with an individual having to be at one end of the polarity i.e. an individual must be either an introvert or an extravert (and cannot be both). | These five factors are not ‘bimodal’ but instead form a ‘normal’ distribution i.e. an individual could possess both introverted and extraverted qualities. |
Jungian Assumption Number Three |
Lumina Spark / Big5 Latest empirical research |
| Each of the four factors has two polarities. This yields a 4 x 4 matrix of 16 personality types. | Within each of the five factors are sub-factors that Lumina terms 'qualities'. Individuals can score anywhere on a continuum and the concept of 'type' as described by Jung is simply not empirically justifiable. |

























